Introduction to Shotgun Gauges
Shotgun gauges are a fundamental aspect of shotgun selection, and understanding the differences between them is crucial for effective hunting and shooting. The gauge of a shotgun refers to the diameter of the shotgun’s bore or barrel, with a smaller gauge number corresponding to a larger diameter. The most common shotgun gauges are 12 gauge, 20 gauge, and 28 gauge, each with its own unique characteristics and applications.
For instance, the 12 gauge is often the go-to choice for hunting waterfowl and larger game due to its ability to deliver a powerful shot with a high pellet count. This makes it ideal for situations where you need to cover a lot of ground with each shot. On the other hand, the 20 gauge is preferred for upland bird hunting and smaller game. Its lighter weight and reduced recoil make it easier to handle, especially during long hunting sessions or when quick, accurate follow-up shots are needed. The 28 gauge, while less common, is also favored for its low recoil and is often used in sporting clays and for hunting smaller game.
Gauging the Options for Predator Control
When it comes to predator hunting with a shotgun, the debate between the 12 gauge and the 20 gauge is one that comes up often. Many hunters debate the merits of the 12 gauge versus the 20 gauge for predator hunting. Coyotes, foxes, and bobcats are the most common targets in coyote hunting, and hunters need a shotgun that delivers stopping power without sacrificing maneuverability. Both gauges have their place in the field, and the right choice often depends on hunting style, terrain, and personal preference. While the 12 gauge has long been favored for its raw power and versatility, the 20 gauge brings surprising effectiveness with less recoil and lighter handling, especially in tighter quarters or when covering more ground on foot.
Understanding the Differences
The main difference between the 12 and 20 gauge is the diameter of the barrel and the resulting payload. A 12 gauge delivers a larger shot load, which means more shot and, in most cases, a higher impact on target. This can be an advantage when trying to anchor a fast-moving predator at medium to long ranges. The 20 gauge, while smaller, still provides a solid pattern and can be lethal with the right load and choke combination. However, this increased power also means more recoil, which can be a consideration for some hunters. Modern ammunition has helped close the gap, with specialized predator loads available in both gauges. Ultimately, the 12 gauge hits harder due to its larger projectile weight, but the 20 gauge isn’t far behind in capable hands.
Gauge and Caliber
The gauge of a shotgun is often confused with its caliber, but they are not the same thing. Caliber refers to the diameter of the projectile, while gauge refers to the diameter of the barrel. A 12 gauge shotgun, for instance, has a barrel diameter of approximately 0.729 inches, while a 20 gauge shotgun has a barrel diameter of approximately 0.615 inches.
Understanding the relationship between gauge and caliber is essential for selecting the right shotgun and ammunition for a particular hunting or shooting application. For example, in turkey hunting, a 12 gauge with a full choke can deliver a dense shot pattern that is highly effective at longer distances. Conversely, a 20 gauge shotgun can be an excellent choice for deer hunting when paired with the right slug or buckshot, offering a balance of power and manageable recoil. Knowing these differences helps hunters make informed decisions based on their specific needs and hunting conditions.
Hunting Scenarios and Terrain
Predator hunting often takes place in varied terrain, from open fields and rolling hills to brushy edges and tight woods. The weapon weight of a shotgun can significantly impact its maneuverability and ease of use in different terrains. In open country, where longer shots and long distances become factors, the 12 gauge is usually preferred. It throws a denser pattern and maintains energy at longer distances, especially when using buckshot or heavier T-shot loads. In tighter settings—like thick cover or along fence rows where predators may appear suddenly at close range—the 20 gauge is nimble and easier to swing quickly. The lighter weight also makes it a good choice for hunters covering lots of ground or younger shooters who may be more sensitive to recoil.
Recoil and Shooting Comfort
Recoil is a major consideration when picking a shotgun for any type of hunting, and predator control is no different. The recoil energy produced by a shotgun can vary significantly between different gauges. The 12 gauge, especially with heavy loads, can produce stout recoil that wears on the shooter after a few shots. For hunters who want quick follow-up shots or plan to spend hours calling and scanning, comfort matters. The 20 gauge offers a more manageable shooting experience. It’s easier on the shoulder and still plenty effective inside normal predator hunting ranges. Some hunters even find they shoot better with a 20 gauge simply because it’s easier on the shooter’s shoulder.
Choke and Load Selection
Getting the most out of either gauge depends on choosing the right choke and load. Using tighter chokes can help achieve higher pattern density and consistency, especially when hunting turkeys. Full or modified chokes paired with buckshot or high-density predator-specific shells tend to produce the best results. A 12 gauge with a full choke and #4 buckshot offers impressive reach and pattern density, making it ideal for wide-open setups. A 20 gauge paired with a tighter choke and a well-designed T-shot or smaller buck pellets can perform nearly as well out to reasonable distances. Patterning your gun before the hunt is essential, regardless of gauge, as it shows where the load hits and how the spread behaves at different ranges.
Shot Pattern and Density
The shot pattern and density of a shotgun are critical factors in determining its effectiveness for a particular application. Shot pattern refers to the spread of the shot as it exits the barrel, while density refers to the concentration of pellets within that pattern. A denser shot pattern is generally more effective for hunting larger game, such as deer, while a less dense pattern may be more suitable for smaller game, such as upland birds.
The shot pattern and density can be influenced by a variety of factors, including the type of shotgun, the type of ammunition, and the choke used. For example, a modified choke can produce a more open shot pattern, making it ideal for upland bird hunting where a wider spread is beneficial. In contrast, a full choke can produce a tighter, more dense pattern, which is advantageous for hunting larger game at longer distances.
Additionally, the use of non-toxic shells, such as steel pellets or Hevi-Shot, can also affect the shot pattern and density. Steel pellets tend to produce a tighter pattern due to their lighter weight and higher velocity, while Hevi-Shot offers a denser pattern with more energy on target. Furthermore, the pellet count and shot size can also impact the effectiveness of the shot. More pellets and smaller shot sizes are often preferred for upland bird hunting and smaller game, as they increase the likelihood of a successful hit. Understanding these factors allows hunters to optimize their shotguns for different hunting scenarios, ensuring they have the right setup for their target game.
Practical Considerations in the Field
Shotgun selection isn’t just about ballistics—it’s about how the gun fits into your hunting style. A 12 gauge can be heavier, especially in pump or semi-auto configurations, and that weight adds up over a long day. A 20 gauge, with a shorter barrel and lighter build, is often quicker to shoulder and easier to carry. Ammo weight is another factor. Carrying several rounds of 12 gauge adds more bulk than a stack of 20 gauge shells. For hunters who move a lot or hunt solo, the practical benefit of lighter gear can influence the choice. Meanwhile, those setting up in a blind or with a clear line of sight may prefer the added punch of a 12 gauge, which can send more shot downrange.
Finding What Works for You
There’s no universal answer in the 12 vs 20 gauge debate. It comes down to what you’re comfortable shooting, what terrain you’re hunting, and how much stopping power you feel you need. For many hunters, the 12 gauge is considered the most effective one gun solution for various hunting scenarios. Some hunters swear by the knockdown strength of a 12 gauge and wouldn’t carry anything else. Others prefer the versatility and reduced fatigue that comes with a 20. Both are capable of bringing down predators cleanly and efficiently when paired with the right load and shot placement, with the 12 gauge often sending more projectiles downrange. What matters most is confidence in your setup and knowing how to use it effectively in real-world conditions.
FAQs
Is a 12 gauge better than a 20 gauge for predator hunting?
A 12 gauge generally offers more power and range due to its heavier projectiles, making it better for open country or longer shots, but the 20 gauge is still highly effective in tighter terrain and for close-range encounters. The 12 gauge can also deliver more shot, increasing the likelihood of hitting a target at longer distances.
Can you hunt coyotes with a 20 gauge?
Yes, a 20 gauge can be very effective for coyotes when used with the right choke and load, ensuring that enough shot is delivered to the target, especially at close to moderate distances.
What is the best load for predator hunting with a 12 gauge?
#4 buckshot, T-shot, or specially designed predator loads work well for anchoring coyotes and other predators at longer ranges.
Does a 20 gauge have enough power to kill a coyote?
Absolutely. With well-placed shots and proper loads, the 20 gauge is more than capable of taking down a coyote or similar predator.
Which is easier to shoot for long hunting sessions?
The 20 gauge is generally easier on the shoulder and lighter to carry, making it a more comfortable choice for extended hunts or mobile setups.