Lead-Free Shot for Upland Game: Does It Perform

Introduction to Non Toxic Shot

Non-toxic shot, also known as lead-free ammunition, has become a crucial aspect of hunting and wildlife conservation. The use of traditional lead shot has been linked to lead poisoning in wild birds, including upland game birds and waterfowl. Lead poisoning occurs when birds ingest spent lead shot, which can be found on the ground or in wetlands. This has led to a significant increase in the use of non-toxic shot, such as steel shot, copper bullets, and other alternative materials. Non-toxic shot is designed to reduce the risk of lead exposure to wild birds and other wildlife species.

Problems with Traditional Ammunition

Traditional lead ammunition has been widely used for hunting and target shooting, but it poses significant risks to human health and the environment. Lead is a toxic heavy metal that can cause lead poisoning in humans and wildlife alike. When lead bullets are used for hunting, they can fragment and leave behind lead fragments that can be ingested by wild birds and other animals. This can lead to lead poisoning, which can cause a range of health problems, including nervous system damage, reproductive issues, and even death. Additionally, lead ammunition can also contaminate soil and water, posing a risk to human health and the environment.

Benefits of Alternative Ammunition

Alternative ammunition, such as non-toxic shot and lead-free bullets, offers several benefits over traditional lead ammunition. One of the primary benefits is the reduction of lead exposure to wild birds and other wildlife species. Non-toxic shot is designed to be safer for the environment and human health, reducing the risk of lead poisoning and contamination. Additionally, alternative ammunition can also provide improved performance and accuracy, making it a popular choice among hunters. For example, copper bullets are known for their high velocity and effective range, making them a good compromise for hunters who want to switch to non-toxic ammunition.

Making the Switch in the Field

With growing environmental awareness and expanding non-toxic shot regulations, upland hunters across the country are increasingly facing the question: can lead-free shot really match up to traditional lead loads when it comes to birds like pheasant, grouse, quail, and partridge? While lead remains legal for upland game in many states, more wildlife areas are mandating non-toxic options. Whether you’re bound by law or choosing to go lead-free voluntarily, it’s important to know what you’re giving up—and what you might gain. A planned survey in fall will gather deer and elk rifle hunters' opinions on lead-free ammunition, providing valuable insights for future regulations.

Field trials are crucial in evaluating the performance of non-toxic shot and ensuring compliance with state regulations.

Steel Shot: Adequate with Limitations

Steel is the most common non-toxic alternative. It’s widely available, relatively inexpensive, and performs well at shorter ranges. However, the difference in performance between lead and steel shot is notable. Steel's lighter weight compared to lead means less downrange energy and reduced penetration, especially on larger upland birds like pheasants. To offset this, hunters often use larger shot sizes and tighter chokes. At distances under 35 yards, steel shot performs reliably, but it struggles with long-range shots or high-flushing birds in open terrain. For quail or woodcock in tight cover, steel can be highly effective with proper load selection.

Bismuth: Closest to Lead

Bismuth is denser than steel and more closely replicates the ballistic performance of lead. It patterns well, penetrates effectively, and can be used in older shotguns with fixed chokes. For upland hunters who want a non-toxic option without a major performance drop, bismuth is a standout choice. It's particularly effective on birds like pheasants or chukar that require a bit more knockdown power. The biggest drawback is cost—bismuth shells can be two to three times more expensive than steel—but for many, the performance is worth it.

Tungsten-Based Loads: Premium Performance

Tungsten and tungsten-alloy shot options are the most dense and hard-hitting of all non-toxic loads. Non-lead options, such as tungsten-based loads, help reduce lead contamination and improve hunting performance. They allow hunters to use smaller shot sizes while maintaining energy and penetration, which can lead to denser, more lethal patterns. This makes them ideal for challenging upland species or long shots in open landscapes. These shells are also extremely expensive, often reserved for specialized hunts or when you’re limited to a single shot opportunity.

Performance Comparison of Lead Free Ammunition

The performance of lead-free ammunition has improved significantly in recent years, making it a viable option for hunters. Studies have shown that lead-free ammunition, such as copper bullets, can provide similar or even better performance than traditional lead ammunition. For example, copper bullets have been shown to maintain their weight and penetrate deeper than lead bullets, resulting in a cleaner and more humane kill. Additionally, lead-free ammunition can also reduce the risk of lead fragmentation, which can pose a risk to wild birds and other animals. Overall, the performance of lead-free ammunition makes it a good option for hunters who want to switch to non-toxic shot.

Dove Hunting Considerations

Dove hunting is a popular sport in many parts of the world, and it requires careful consideration of the type of ammunition used. Traditional lead shot can pose a risk to doves and other wildlife species, and it is often prohibited in certain areas. Non-toxic shot, such as steel shot or copper bullets, is a safer and more sustainable option for dove hunting. Hunters should always check local regulations and guidelines before heading out on a hunt, and they should consider using non-toxic shot to reduce the risk of lead poisoning and contamination. Additionally, hunters can also take steps to reduce their impact on the environment, such as burying gut piles and other remains, and avoiding areas with high concentrations of lead shot.

Adjusting Your Approach

Switching to lead-free shot may require changes in shooting behavior. It is crucial to minimize lead ingestion in wildlife by using non-toxic shot and adjusting hunting techniques. Shots should be taken at closer distances when using lighter steel loads, and tighter chokes may be needed to ensure pattern consistency. It’s essential to pattern your gun with your chosen non-toxic load before the season begins. Understanding your maximum effective range and practicing within those limits leads to cleaner kills and fewer lost birds.

Conservation and Compliance

Even where not required by law, more hunters are turning to non-toxic shot to reduce environmental lead exposure. Using non-toxic shot on public lands is crucial to protect wildlife and comply with regulations. Spent lead shot poses a risk to game birds, scavengers, and even dogs in certain environments. Choosing lead-free options contributes to conservation while keeping you ahead of future regulation shifts. As non-toxic technology continues to improve, more upland hunters are finding that performance sacrifices are minimal—or even nonexistent with premium loads.

FAQs

Is non-toxic shot required for upland game hunting?

Not in most areas, but some wildlife refuges, state lands, or federal properties may require non-toxic shot regardless of species. Always check local regulations. Additionally, it is important to understand state-specific hunting laws when hunting on private land to ensure compliance with ammunition requirements.

Does steel shot work well for upland birds?

Yes, especially on smaller birds at close range. For larger birds or longer shots, larger steel sizes or premium shot may be necessary. Non-lead ammunition, such as steel shot, performs well in various hunting scenarios, though hunters should be aware of regional laws and the potential differences in price, availability, and performance compared to lead.

Can I use bismuth in a vintage shotgun?

Yes, bismuth is soft enough for older fixed-choke barrels and performs similarly to lead. Additionally, non-lead options like bismuth are beneficial for hunters using vintage shotguns, as they align with environmental regulations and reduce harmful effects on wildlife.

Is tungsten overkill for upland hunting?

Not necessarily, but it’s expensive. Tungsten offers excellent performance and may be worth it for tough birds or when limited to fewer shots. However, there is a big difference in cost and performance between tungsten and other non-toxic shot options, which can be significant for frequent hunters.

What choke should I use with steel shot?

Steel tends to pattern tighter, so an improved cylinder or modified choke usually provides the best balance of spread and density. Practicing at shooting ranges is crucial to understand how different chokes and ammunition types perform.